At the same time, copper is also a dynamic signaling metal and metal allosteric regulator, such as copper-dependent phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) in lipolysis, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) in cell growth and proliferation and MEK2, the kinases ULK1 and ULK2 in autophagy. Cell proliferation that relies on copper is called copper hyperplasia, which corresponds to this article about copper death. These enzymes may have some interactions with FDX1 signaling, which may be a focus of future research.
